Claro

Glossary

Plain-language definitions of catalog-data concepts, identifiers, standards, and industrial terms for procurement, category, and data teams.

Browse resources

Filter by topic or language, then sort the current results by date or title.

Showing 96 resources.

What Is Three-Way Matching? Three-way matching reconciles the purchase order, goods receipt, and invoice to confirm quantity — not price. Here is what it checks, and what it misses. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English Tolerance Keys: How an ERP Decides a Price Is Wrong A tolerance key is the SAP setting that decides whether an invoice value is close enough to the purchase order to pay. All 15 keys, and why BD is not AP. Data Infrastructure (ERP/PIM) Product Matching & Catalog Quality English Was ist eine Preisabweichung in der Rechnungsprüfung? Eine Preisabweichung entsteht, wenn der errechnete Rechnungspreis zu stark vom Bestellnettopreis abweicht. Wie SAP das misst, meldet und zur Zahlung sperrt. Product Matching & Catalog Quality German Invoice Price Variance Explained Invoice price variance explained: how SAP's M8 082–085 messages work, why a whole invoice is blocked for payment, and when the real cause is units. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English Order Price Unit vs Order Unit: The Variance Nobody Expects Order price unit vs order unit in SAP: what BPRME, MEINS and the BPUMZ/BPUMN factor do, and why one wrong factor blocks a correct invoice for price variance. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English Credit Note vs Debit Memo: Fixing a Wrong Invoice Credit note vs debit memo explained: who issues each, which way it moves the balance, and how to correct a supplier overcharge so both ledgers reconcile. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English Che cos'è la riconciliazione a tre vie? La riconciliazione a tre vie mette a confronto ordine, DDT e fattura per confermare la quantità ricevuta — non il prezzo. Ecco cosa controlla e cosa le sfugge. Product Matching & Catalog Quality Italian Unità di misura e coefficiente di conversione in fattura Il coefficiente di conversione lega pezzi, confezioni e metri e fissa il prezzo per unità in fattura: quando è sbagliato o manca, la riga risulta errata. Product Matching & Catalog Quality Italian Bestellpreismengeneinheit und Preiseinheit erklärt Bestellpreismengeneinheit, Preiseinheit und Bestellmengeneinheit in SAP: was BPRME, PEINH und der BPUMZ/BPUMN-Faktor tun — und warum ein falscher Faktor eine korrekte Rechnung als Preisabweichung sperrt. Product Matching & Catalog Quality German Alloy and Metal Surcharges on a Supplier Invoice Alloy and metal surcharges (Legierungszuschlag, MTZ) are variable amounts on top of a base price. Why they appear, how they are calculated, and how to reconcile them. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English Small-Order Surcharges and Minimum Order Charges A small-order surcharge (minimum order charge, Mindermengenzuschlag) is a fee for orders below a minimum. Why it appears on an invoice and how to reconcile it. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English What Is a Blocked Invoice? A blocked invoice is one an ERP holds from payment until it is released. Learn SAP's four blocking reasons, the whole-invoice rule, and how to clear it. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English Discount Groups in Industrial Distribution Discount groups set net price off a gross list. An invoice is wrong when the discount group or scale applied differs from your contract — here's how it happens. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English Legierungszuschlag und Metallzuschlag auf der Lieferantenrechnung Legierungszuschlag und Metallzuschlag (MTZ) sind variable Beträge über dem Grundpreis, an Rohstoffnotierungen gebunden. Warum sie erscheinen und wie man sie prüft. Product Matching & Catalog Quality German Gross List, Net, Net-Net: Reading a Distribution Price A distribution price has layers - gross list, net, and net-net. Learn how each level is built and why an invoice billed at the wrong one still passes matching. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English Price-List Versions: Which List Was In Force That Day A price-variance block is often just the wrong price-list version applied. Learn how effective dates, gross list prices, and net prices decide which list was in force. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English Rabattgruppe und Rabattstaffel im technischen Großhandel Eine Rabattgruppe setzt den Nettopreis gegen eine Bruttopreisliste. Eine Rechnung ist falsch, sobald die abgerechnete Gruppe oder Staffel von Ihrem Vertrag abweicht. Product Matching & Catalog Quality German SPA: Special Pricing Agreements and Claims Explained SPA, rebate, back-margin, claim and accrual explained for distributors, and why claims get short-paid when the agreement and the invoice line do not reconcile. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English What Does 2RS Mean on a Bearing? 2RS vs 2Z vs ZZ 2RS means a bearing with rubber contact seals on both sides. How 2RS differs from 2Z, ZZ and 2RSR, why brands spell it differently, and what to check before matching. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English What Is an Evidence Gap in Product Data? An evidence gap is the difference between what a product record asserts and what its sources can prove. Five states: Known, Missing, Conflicting, Unproven, Stale. Data Infrastructure (ERP/PIM) Product Matching & Catalog Quality Compliance & Regulations English What Is a Permission Model for AI Agents and Product Data? A permission model maps data states, identity confidence, evidence quality, conflict and action risk, to what a system may do: execute, write with flag, recommend, request evidence, or block. Agentic Commerce & AI Agents Data Infrastructure (ERP/PIM) Product Matching & Catalog Quality English Variant vs Duplicate vs Replacement in Product Data A duplicate is one product under two records, a variant is a different product sharing a parent, a replacement is a successor. Telling them apart is an identity decision, not a mapping step. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English What Is a SAME_AS Decision? Product Matching Explained A SAME_AS decision is the recorded judgment that two product references denote one physical product, with evidence, confidence and timestamp attached. It is the atomic unit of entity resolution. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English What Is Supplier Qualification Data? Supplier qualification data is the evidence that a supplier is approved to supply: certifications, declarations, audits, insurance, each with scope, validity and source document. Agentic Commerce & AI Agents Data Infrastructure (ERP/PIM) Compliance & Regulations English What Is Technical Data Extraction? Datasheets to Product Attributes Technical data extraction turns datasheets, catalogs, drawings and certificates into structured, source-linked product attributes. The hard part is deciding which value belongs to which product. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English Bearing Data Glossary: Symbols, Load Ratings, Suffixes and Seal Codes Plain definitions of bearing dimension symbols, load ratings, clearance classes, seal and shield codes and bearing types, with the ISO standard each comes from. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English What Is a Semantic Product Layer? A semantic product layer connects ERP, PIM and PLM references to resolved product entities, with source, confidence and relationships machines can reason over. Definition and how it differs from a PIM. Data Infrastructure (ERP/PIM) Product Matching & Catalog Quality English What Is Product Identity? Product identity is the resolved entity behind a product's many SKUs, MPNs, GTINs and supplier records. Not a SKU, not a GTIN, not a match score, and the prerequisite for write-back and trustworthy AI agents. Data Infrastructure (ERP/PIM) Product Matching & Catalog Quality English What Is a Product Identity Graph? A product identity graph turns one-off record matching into persistent identity knowledge: a canonical product linked to SKUs, MPNs, suppliers and documents with scored edges, including NOT_SAME_AS, that survive re-ingestion. Data Infrastructure (ERP/PIM) Product Matching & Catalog Quality English What Is a Product Ontology? A taxonomy tells you where a product belongs; a product ontology tells machines what it is and how it relates to other things. A practical definition for industrial catalogs, without the academic baggage. Data Infrastructure (ERP/PIM) Product Matching & Catalog Quality Standards & Classification English What Is OpenAI's Agentic Commerce Protocol (ACP)? A practical definition of OpenAI's Agentic Commerce Protocol, including product discovery, feeds, cart, checkout, orders, authentication, MCP, and catalog implications. Agentic Commerce & AI Agents AI Search & Visibility (GEO) English Product Data vs Product-Generated Data Product data describes what an item is; product-generated data records what a connected asset did. Learn why identity is the link between them. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English What Is a Commerce Agent? Shopping Agents vs Merchant Agents A commerce agent uses AI and tools to assist or execute buying and selling workflows. Learn how shopping and merchant agents differ and share product truth. Agentic Commerce & AI Agents English PPWR (Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation): What It Means for Product Data A concise definition of the EU PPWR, its timeline, affected operators, and the packaging data and evidence product teams need to organize. Compliance & Regulations English PPWR / EU-Verpackungsverordnung: Was Unternehmen über Verpackungsdaten wissen müssen Kurze PPWR-Definition für Deutschland: Geltungsbeginn, betroffene Rollen sowie benötigte Verpackungsdaten und Nachweise. Compliance & Regulations German PPWR: il nuovo Regolamento UE sugli imballaggi e i dati prodotto Definizione sintetica del PPWR: date, soggetti interessati, dati di imballaggio, documenti e informazioni dei fornitori. Compliance & Regulations Italian PPWR Declaration of Conformity (DoC): What It Is and What Data Supports It Learn how a PPWR EU Declaration of Conformity relates to packaging, technical documentation, source evidence, and SKU-level product data. Compliance & Regulations English What Is Product Compliance Readiness? A plain-language definition of product compliance readiness, its workflow outputs, and how it differs from certification. Compliance & Regulations English What Is a Safety Data Sheet and When Is One Required? An SDS definition for catalog teams, focused on the product data and evidence needed before specialist review. Compliance & Regulations English Was Ist das EU-DPP-Register? (Und Was Es Nicht Ist) Das zentrale DPP-Register der EU ist jetzt in Betrieb. Es ist ein Verzeichnis, keine Datenbank — und macht Produktpässe nicht automatisch verpflichtend. Was es wirklich bedeutet. Compliance & Regulations English What Is the EU DPP Registry? (And What It Isn't) The EU's central DPP Registry is now operational. It's an index, not a database — and it doesn't make passports mandatory. What it actually is, and what changes now. Compliance & Regulations English What Is the EU Battery Passport? Deadline, Scope, Requirements From 18 February 2027, EV, LMT, and industrial batteries over 2 kWh need a digital passport to enter the EU market. What it is, who's liable, and why it's a data problem first. Compliance & Regulations English Cos'è il Registro DPP dell'UE? (E cosa non è) Il registro centrale del Passaporto Digitale di Prodotto è ora operativo. È un indice, non un database — e non rende obbligatori i passaporti. Ecco cosa significa davvero. Compliance & Regulations Italian Was Ist der EU-Batteriepass? Frist, Umfang, Anforderungen Ab 18. Februar 2027 dürfen EV-, LMT- und Industriebatterien über 2 kWh ohne digitalen Pass nicht mehr in der EU verkauft werden. Wer haftet, und warum es zuerst ein Datenproblem ist. Compliance & Regulations German Cos'è il Passaporto della Batteria UE? Scadenza, Ambito, Requisiti Dal 18 febbraio 2027, le batterie EV, LMT e industriali sopra 2 kWh non potranno entrare nel mercato UE senza passaporto digitale. Chi è responsabile, e perché è prima di tutto un problema di dati. Compliance & Regulations Italian Was Ist ein Kanonischer Produktdatensatz (Golden Record)? Fünf Lieferanten, fünf Versionen desselben Produkts. Ein kanonischer Datensatz macht daraus eine vertrauenswürdige Wahrheit. Product Matching & Catalog Quality German What is item master data? Fields, owners, and failure modes A practical, catalog-team explanation of item master data, with the governance concepts to borrow from MDM and the heavy program work mid-market distributors can skip. Data Infrastructure (ERP/PIM) Product Matching & Catalog Quality English Supplier master vs vendor master: what is the difference? A practical, catalog-team explanation of vendor master data, with the governance concepts to borrow from MDM and the heavy program work mid-market distributors can skip. Data Infrastructure (ERP/PIM) Product Matching & Catalog Quality English What Is Google's Universal Commerce Protocol (UCP)? Google's Universal Commerce Protocol is an open standard for agentic commerce. Learn what UCP does, why catalog data matters, and how merchants should prepare. Agentic Commerce & AI Agents Standards & Classification English MAP vs RRP Definitions of minimum advertised price and recommended retail price, with practical notes for catalog and pricing teams. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English Price Skimming What price skimming means, when it works, and why clean product and competitor data matter before using it. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English HS Codes and Country of Origin in Product Data A missing or wrong HS code doesn't show up until a shipment is held at customs. Here's why these fields matter as structured catalog data, not paperwork filled in per shipment. Product Matching & Catalog Quality Compliance & Regulations Standards & Classification English What Is a Digital Product Passport (DPP)? A Digital Product Passport is structured, accessible data about a product's materials, compliance, and lifecycle. Here's what it requires — and why the readiness work starts now. Compliance & Regulations English What Is Entity Resolution? What is entity resolution? A plain-language definition for product-data teams, with cross-industry examples of how it powers matching, dedup, and AI search. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English Golden Record Product Data: What Is a Canonical Product Record? A canonical (golden) record is the single trusted version of a product. Learn how golden record product data powers dedup, enrichment, and AI search. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English What Is Fuzzy Matching? What is fuzzy matching? A plain-language definition of approximate string matching, how it scores near-identical product records, and where it fits in catalog data. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English Deterministic vs Probabilistic Matching When to match product records on exact keys and when to score similarity — practical guidance for messy supplier feeds and multi-source catalogs. Data Infrastructure (ERP/PIM) Product Matching & Catalog Quality English Confidence Score in Data Matching: A Practical Guide Learn what a confidence score in data matching is, how thresholds work, and why calibration determines whether automated matching is trustworthy. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English What Is Data Provenance? Data provenance is the recorded origin and history of every product attribute. Learn why source lineage is essential for trusted catalogs, AI enrichment, and write-back. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English Write-back: Safely Updating ERP and PIM Systems After AI Validation Write-back means pushing a corrected, enriched, or merged record into the system of record. Learn why confidence, provenance, and human review gates make it safe. Data Infrastructure (ERP/PIM) Product Matching & Catalog Quality English What Is Record Linkage? Record linkage matches product records across supplier feeds, ERP exports, and PIM tables that refer to the same SKU. Plain-language definition with examples. Data Infrastructure (ERP/PIM) Product Matching & Catalog Quality English What Is Schema Mapping? Schema mapping aligns supplier fields to your target catalog schema. Learn how it works, why it breaks, and how to keep it clean as feeds change. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English Product Data Normalization: What It Is and Why It Matters Product data normalization converts supplier attributes, units, and values into a consistent format so catalogs match, dedupe, and enrich cleanly. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English What Is Master Data Management (MDM)? What is master data management? A plain-language definition for product-data teams, covering dedup, golden records, governance, and write-back. Data Infrastructure (ERP/PIM) Product Matching & Catalog Quality English What Is a PIM? Product Information Management Explained A plain-language definition of PIM: what it manages, where supplier data breaks it, and how clean upstream data makes it work. Data Infrastructure (ERP/PIM) English What Is Schema Drift? Schema drift is when product-data feeds silently change shape, breaking matching, enrichment, and AI search. Learn to detect and fix it before it corrupts your catalog. Data Infrastructure (ERP/PIM) Product Matching & Catalog Quality English Product Knowledge Graph: What It Is and Why It Powers AI Search A product knowledge graph connects products, attributes, and relationships so machines can reason across a catalog — not just store flat rows. AI Search & Visibility (GEO) Data Infrastructure (ERP/PIM) English Supplier Scorecard: How to Grade Vendor Data Quality A supplier scorecard rates each vendor's data completeness, validity, and consistency so you can onboard faster and trust the catalog you build. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English SKU vs MPN vs GTIN: What Each Identifier Does and Why All Three Matter SKU vs MPN vs GTIN explained: who owns each code, how they differ, and why confusing them breaks matching, dedup, and enrichment. Product Matching & Catalog Quality Standards & Classification English What Is Generative Engine Optimization (GEO)? What is generative engine optimization? How product data earns citations in AI answers, and what catalog teams must fix to show up in AI search results. AI Search & Visibility (GEO) English Schema.org Product Structured Data: The Complete Guide Schema.org product structured data tells search engines exactly what a product is, costs, and includes — but only if the catalog behind it is clean. AI Search & Visibility (GEO) English What Is Product Content Syndication? What is product syndication? How syndicating clean, validated product data prevents retailer rejections, duplicate listings, and missed AI search. Product Matching & Catalog Quality English What Is GDSN? The Global Data Synchronisation Network Explained What is GDSN? Learn how the Global Data Synchronisation Network moves validated product master data between suppliers and retailers — and where it falls short. Standards & Classification English What Is a Data Pool? GS1, GDSN, and Synchronized Product Data A data pool is a GS1-certified repository that syncs product records between trading partners over GDSN — but most catalogs hold far more than pools cover. Standards & Classification English What Is Unit of Measure (UOM) in Product Data? UOM errors silently corrupt pricing, matching, and AI search. Learn how unit of measure works, why it breaks, and how to fix it across supplier feeds. Product Matching & Catalog Quality Standards & Classification English GTIN vs EAN vs UPC: The Definitive Guide for Product Data Teams GTIN vs EAN vs UPC: how these GS1 identifiers relate, where they differ, and why format mismatches fragment catalogs and break supplier feeds. Product Matching & Catalog Quality Standards & Classification English What Is a GLN? Global Location Number Explained A GLN is a 13-digit GS1 identifier for parties and places in the supply chain. Learn what a GLN is, how it works, and why it matters for clean product data. Product Matching & Catalog Quality Standards & Classification English ECLASS IRDI Format: Structure, Segments, and Why It Matters What the eclass irdi format encodes, how each segment works, and why storing IRDIs prevents supplier-feed mismatches at scale. Standards & Classification English ETIM in BMEcat: Structured Product Classification for Technical Catalogs ETIM in BMEcat explained: how ETIM class codes and features ride inside BMEcat XML to deliver structured, comparable attributes across every product record. Standards & Classification English UNECE Rec 20 Unit Codes Explained UNECE Rec 20 unit codes are the global standard for unit-of-measure values in product data. Learn the format, common codes, and why they matter. Product Matching & Catalog Quality Standards & Classification English What Is a CAS Number? What is a CAS number? A plain-language guide for product-data, enrichment, and compliance teams — with examples, a before/after table, and FAQ. Product Matching & Catalog Quality Standards & Classification English SVHC Candidate List: What It Is and Why Product Data Teams Track It The SVHC Candidate List is the EU ECHA roster of high-concern substances that triggers REACH disclosure duties. What it means for product data. Product Matching & Catalog Quality Compliance & Regulations Standards & Classification English What Is RAL Classic? The Color Standard for Product Catalogs RAL Classic assigns a four-digit code to every standardized shade so catalogs can match, deduplicate, and syndicate color attributes without guesswork. Product Matching & Catalog Quality Standards & Classification English IP Rating Explained: IP54, IP65 & IP67 Decode IP54, IP65, and IP67 with a quick lookup table and dust/water matrix, then choose the right protection for your environment. Product Matching & Catalog Quality Standards & Classification English IP Rating Chart (IEC 60529): What Every Digit Means Decode IEC 60529 IP codes fast. Full IP rating chart with every solid and water digit explained, plus data-quality rules for product catalogs. Product Matching & Catalog Quality Standards & Classification English IK Rating Explained: The Impact-Resistance Scale for Product Data Teams IK rating explained: what the IK00-IK10 scale means, how it maps to joules, and how to normalize it across supplier feeds without losing precision. Product Matching & Catalog Quality Standards & Classification English How to Read an ATEX Marking Decode the equipment group, category, protection type, and temperature class in any ATEX marking — and keep those attributes clean across every supplier feed. Product Matching & Catalog Quality Compliance & Regulations Standards & Classification English ATEX Zone Classification: Zones 0-2 and 20-22 Explained ATEX zone classification explained: how zones 0/1/2 and 20/21/22 map to product attributes and why they matter for clean catalog data. Product Matching & Catalog Quality Compliance & Regulations Standards & Classification English IEC 60309 Colors and Clock Positions Explained IEC 60309 colors and clock positions decode voltage and keying on industrial connectors — a field guide for enriching and matching connector product data. Product Matching & Catalog Quality Standards & Classification English NEMA Enclosure Types Explained NEMA enclosure type ratings decoded for product-data teams: what each type means, IP cross-reference, and how to keep ratings clean across supplier feeds. Product Matching & Catalog Quality Standards & Classification English CENELEC Cable Designation: HD 361 Type Codes Explained Decode CENELEC HD 361 cable type codes into structured attributes. Learn how consistent parsing prevents catalog duplicates and powers AI search. Product Matching & Catalog Quality Standards & Classification English BSP Thread Dimensions: Nominal Sizes, TPI, and Catalog Matching BSP thread dimensions explained: nominal size vs real OD, TPI, parallel vs tapered, and how to normalize them for clean matching and enrichment. Product Matching & Catalog Quality Standards & Classification English Is Claro a PIM? What It Does Instead No. Claro is a product and supplier data-operations layer, not a publishing platform. Here's exactly what it does, and how it relates to a PIM. Data Infrastructure (ERP/PIM) Product Matching & Catalog Quality English IES vs LDT Photometric Files IES vs LDT: how the two photometric file formats differ, why both matter for lighting product data, and how to normalize them for matching and enrichment. Product Matching & Catalog Quality Standards & Classification English ETIM EC000042: Miniature Circuit Breaker ETIM EC000042 is the standard class for miniature circuit breakers. Learn its features, values, and why consistent classification matters for catalog and AI search. Standards & Classification English ETIM EC000141: The Contactor Classification Code Explained ETIM EC000141 is the standard class for contactors. Learn its features, why it matters for catalog matching, and how distributors classify SKUs to it. Standards & Classification English